{"id":5204,"date":"2019-12-03T12:58:41","date_gmt":"2019-12-03T11:58:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fondazioneaurora.org\/african-continent-free-trade-area-afcfta\/"},"modified":"2022-06-01T10:38:45","modified_gmt":"2022-06-01T08:38:45","slug":"african-continent-free-trade-area-afcfta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fondazioneaurora.org\/fr\/african-continent-free-trade-area-afcfta\/","title":{"rendered":"African continent free trade area (AFCFTA)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: #ffffff;background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.08);border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-justify-content-center\" style=\"max-width:1372.8px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><style type=\"text\/css\">@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-title.fusion-title-1{margin-top:12px!important;margin-bottom:20px!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-title.fusion-title-1{margin-top:12px!important;margin-bottom:24px!important;}}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"font-size:20px;margin-top:12px;margin-bottom:20px;\"><h2 class=\"title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">AFRICAN CONTINENTAL FREE TRADE AREA (AFCFTA): UN PASSO STORICO VERSO L\u2019INTEGRAZIONE POLITICA AFRICANA<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\" style=\"text-align:left;font-size:18px;transform:translate3d(0,0,0);\"><p>Il 7 luglio scorso, in occasione di un <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/niger-al-laccordo-commerciale-che-rivoluzionera-lafrica-23452\">summit dell\u2019Unione Africana<\/a> a Niamey, \u00e8 stata ufficialmente avviata la fase operativa dell\u2019accordo che disciplina l\u2019istituzione di un\u2019area di libero scambio continentale in Africa, l\u2019African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). Siglato da 54 Stati su 55, l\u2019accordo consentir\u00e0 di dare slancio al commercio intra-africano e, auspicabilmente, porre le basi per una crescita pi\u00f9 sostenibile, creando occupazione, generando reddito, riducendo la dipendenza delle economie continentali dall\u2019esportazione di materie prime e prodotti agricoli, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/fandd\/2018\/12\/afcfta-economic-integration-in-africa-fofack.htm\">migliorandone la competitivit\u00e0<\/a>. Obiettivo ultimo, fissato tra le priorit\u00e0 dell\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/au.int\/en\/agenda2063\/overview\">Agenda 2063 dell\u2019UA<\/a>, sar\u00e0 la creazione di una comunit\u00e0 economica e di un\u2019unione monetaria continentale.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Al termine di <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tralac.org\/resources\/our-resources\/6730-continental-free-trade-area-cfta.html\">complessi negoziati, avviati ad Addis Abeba<\/a> nel gennaio del 2012 e proseguiti, in particolare, tra 2015 e 2018, l\u2019accordo \u00e8 stato firmato dai rappresentanti di 44 stati africani riuniti a Kigali, in Rwanda, nel marzo del 2018, accanto alla <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tralac.org\/documents\/resources\/african-union\/1970-kigali-declaration-for-the-launch-of-the-afcfta-21-march-2018-1\/file.html\">Dichiarazione di Kigali<\/a> e a protocolli per la regolamentazione della libera circolazione di persone, beni e servizi e la risoluzione delle dispute.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Un ruolo fondamentale di mediazione tra le diplomazie continentali \u00e8 stato giocato da alcuni capi di stato africani, tra cui il nigerino Mahamadou Issoufou e il rwandese Paul Kagame, e soprattutto dall\u2019attuale Presidente della Commissione dell\u2019Unione Africana (UA), Moussa Faki Mahamat.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>L\u2019entrata in vigore dell\u2019AfCFTA \u00e8 avvenuta, formalmente, il 30 maggio 2019, in seguito al deposito presso la Commissione UA del ventiduesimo strumento di ratifica da parte degli Stati firmatari (29 aprile). A luglio, la principale economia africana, la Nigeria, e il Benin, tra gli ultimi Stati a rimanere esclusi dall\u2019AfCFTA, hanno firmato l\u2019accordo: ad oggi, la sola Eritrea di Isaias Afewerki \u2013 il cui regime appare sempre pi\u00f9 isolato, nonostante la distensione delle relazioni con Addis Abeba \u2013 resta fuori dall\u2019area di libero scambio.<\/p>\n<\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-title.fusion-title-2{margin-top:48px!important;margin-bottom:20px!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-title.fusion-title-2{margin-top:48px!important;margin-bottom:24px!important;}}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-2 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"margin-top:48px;margin-bottom:20px;\"><h3 class=\"title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;\"><\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\" style=\"color:#f03c34;transform:translate3d(0,0,0);\"><p>La presenza, in Africa, di comunit\u00e0 economiche sub-regionali (RECs) particolarmente avanzate, in termini di integrazione politica \u2013 dalla Comunit\u00e0 economica degli Stati dell\u2019Africa occidentale (ECOWAS) alla Comunit\u00e0 di Sviluppo dell\u2019Africa meridionale (SADC) \u2013 ha dato grande impulso ai processi negoziali che hanno condotto all\u2019adozione dell\u2019area di libero scambio pi\u00f9 grande al mondo per numero di Stati aderenti (eccezion fatta per la World Trade Organization).<\/p>\n<\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-title.fusion-title-3{margin-top:48px!important;margin-bottom:20px!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-title.fusion-title-3{margin-top:48px!important;margin-bottom:24px!important;}}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-3 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"margin-top:48px;margin-bottom:20px;\"><h3 class=\"title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;\"><\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\" style=\"font-size:18px;transform:translate3d(0,0,0);\"><p>L\u2019AfCFTA copre un <a href=\"https:\/\/www.info-cooperazione.it\/2019\/08\/la-svolta-africana-si-chiama-afcfta-il-mercato-di-libero-scambio-piu-vasto-al-mondo\/\">mercato continentale di pi\u00f9 di 1,2 miliardi di persone<\/a> \u2013 stimate in 2,5 miliardi nel 2050 \u2013 e un prodotto interno lordo combinato di 3.400 miliardi di dollari circa. Secondo le previsioni, l\u2019entrata in vigore dell\u2019area di libero scambio garantir\u00e0 un incremento del 52% del commercio intra-africano, oggi fermo a un deludente 16-17% del totale degli scambi commerciali, di gran lunga inferiore al <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/blog\/african-continental-free-trade-area-new-horizon-trade-africa\">67% dell\u2019export intra-europeo<\/a>. Vista con interesse dai principali partner economico-commerciali degli Stati africani, su tutti Cina e Unione Europea, l\u2019adozione dell\u2019AfCFTA incoragger\u00e0 un aumento del volume dei <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/fandd\/2018\/12\/afcfta-economic-integration-in-africa-fofack.htm\">flussi di investimento nel continente<\/a>, in ragione di una maggiore propensione a investire in un mercato continentale fortemente integrato, a fronte di importanti prospettive di crescita e sviluppo. L\u2019accordo prevede l\u2019eliminazione progressiva, in un arco di tempo di cinque anni, delle <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/lafrica-si-apre-anche-se-stessa-23352\">barriere doganali sul 90% circa delle merci<\/a> e dei servizi oggetto di scambio intra-continentale, preservando (provvisoriamente, in alcuni casi) i dazi sul restante 10%, in ragione della particolare vulnerabilit\u00e0 o dell\u2019importanza strategica di alcuni settori economici per le economie continentali.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Restano innegabili <a href=\"https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2019\/06\/26\/the-afcfta-is-laudable-but-its-imminent-benefits-are-overstated\/\">alcuni limiti di fondo<\/a>, a definire le <a href=\"http:\/\/mo.ibrahim.foundation\/news\/2019\/africa-continental-free-trade-area-afcfta-real-opportunity\/\">sfide politiche<\/a> che gli Stati del continente dovranno affrontare negli anni a venire, e che rendono forse le previsioni sul breve periodo troppo ottimistiche:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>I deficit infrastrutturali, che ad oggi hanno gravemente limitato le prospettive di incremento degli scambi intra-continentali, richiederanno interventi profondi per rendere economicamente sostenibile e materialmente agevole il trasporto e lo stoccaggio delle merci.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li>I regimi tariffari dovranno essere armonizzati.<\/li>\n<li>Investimenti massicci nei settori agricolo e industriale risulteranno imprescindibili, cos\u00ec come la spinta in direzione di una maggiore diversificazione dei sistemi produttivi nazionali, che riduca la vulnerabilit\u00e0 delle economie africane alle oscillazioni dei prezzi delle materie prime.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>I rischi di distorsioni prodotti dall\u2019afflusso di merci a basso costo originate all\u2019esterno del continente e fatte circolare grazie ad accordi bilaterali (<i>dumping<\/i>) dovranno essere scongiurati, attraverso <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/niger-al-laccordo-commerciale-che-rivoluzionera-lafrica-23452\">l\u2019adozione di stringenti regole d\u2019origine<\/a> e la rigorosa classificazione di prodotti \u2018made in Africa\u2019. Allo stesso modo, il rischio di fare dell\u2019area di libero scambio uno strumento di rafforzamento dell\u2019egemonia di alcuni player regionali \u2013 la Nigeria in Africa occidentale o il Sudafrica in Africa australe \u2013 dovr\u00e0 essere limitato mediante l\u2019adozione di correttivi.<\/p>\n<\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-title.fusion-title-4{margin-top:48px!important;margin-bottom:20px!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-title.fusion-title-4{margin-top:48px!important;margin-bottom:24px!important;}}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-4 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"margin-top:48px;margin-bottom:20px;\"><h3 class=\"title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;\"><\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\" style=\"font-size:18px;transform:translate3d(0,0,0);\"><p>Il successo dell\u2019iniziativa di integrazione politico-economica del continente, dunque, non \u00e8 scontato. Il Fondo Monetario Internazionale ha definito l\u2019entrata in vigore dell\u2019AfCFTA un potenziale <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/REO\/SSA\/Issues\/2019\/04\/01\/sreo0419\">\u2018game changer\u2019<\/a> per l\u2019Africa: l\u2019integrazione economico-commerciale nel continente potrebbe, secondo l\u2019istituzione internazionale, dare impulso allo sviluppo africano, favorendo \u201cla specializzazione nelle produzioni di beni e servizi per i quali gli Stati conservano un vantaggio comparativo e lo sfruttamento delle economie di scala\u201d, per stimolare, in ultima istanza, produttivit\u00e0 e crescita diffusa. Al contempo, per\u00f2, il rischio \u00e8 che, in assenza di correttivi che limitino possibili effetti moltiplicatori delle disparit\u00e0 regionali, alcune economie \u2013 e alcuni settori \u2013 beneficino pi\u00f9 e meglio dell\u2019integrazione continentale, a discapito di economie pi\u00f9 fragili e meno diversificate. E che anche all\u2019interno dei diversi Stati possano ampliarsi disuguaglianze sociali ed economiche, con riguardo soprattutto alle economie specializzate nell\u2019esportazione di manifatture. Nei prossimi anni, l\u2019AfCFTA richieder\u00e0 una <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/africa-in-focus\/2019\/09\/03\/the-afcfta-the-first-step-of-a-long-marathon\/\">decisa volont\u00e0 politica degli Stati aderenti<\/a>, nonch\u00e9 una corretta implementazione, affinch\u00e9 gli effetti virtuosi previsti possano effettivamente tradursi in crescita, sviluppo sostenibile, occupazione e riduzione della povert\u00e0.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-0{width:66.666666666667% !important;margin-top : 20px;margin-bottom : 20px;}.fusion-builder-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 2.88%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 2.88%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-0{width:83.333333333333% !important;order : 0;}.fusion-builder-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 2.304%;margin-left : 2.304%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-0{width:100% !important;order : 0;margin-top : 0px;}.fusion-builder-column-0 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-1{ padding-top : 0px;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 0px;padding-bottom : 0px;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 0px;}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-1{ padding-right : 0px;padding-left : 0px;}}<\/style><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);background-position: center center;background-repeat: no-repeat;border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.08);border-style:solid;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-stretch fusion-flex-justify-content-center\" style=\"max-width:1372.8px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column fusion-animated\" data-animationType=\"fadeInRight\" data-animationDuration=\"1.6\" data-animationOffset=\"100%\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\" style=\"background-position:left top;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;\"><style type=\"text\/css\">@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-title.fusion-title-5{margin-top:4px!important;margin-bottom:4px!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-title.fusion-title-5{margin-top:4px!important;margin-bottom:4px!important;}}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-5 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-six\" style=\"margin-top:12px;margin-bottom:4px;\"><h6 class=\"title-heading-center\" style=\"margin:0;\">Camillo Casola<\/h6><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\" style=\"text-align:center;font-size:14px;line-height:24px;transform:translate3d(0,0,0);\"><p>Associate research fellow presso ISPI Africa programme. Dottore di ricerca in Studi internazionali (storia e istituzioni africane) presso l&rsquo;Universit\u00e0 di Napoli \u00ab\u00a0L&rsquo;Orientale\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-1{width:66.666666666667% !important;margin-top : 20px;margin-bottom : 20px;}.fusion-builder-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {padding-top : 0px !important;padding-right : 0px !important;margin-right : 8.64%;padding-bottom : 0px !important;padding-left : 0px !important;margin-left : 8.64%;}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-1{width:80% !important;}.fusion-builder-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 30px;margin-left : 30px;}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px) {.fusion-body .fusion-builder-column-1{width:100% !important;margin-bottom : 10px;}.fusion-builder-column-1 > .fusion-column-wrapper {margin-right : 1.92%;margin-left : 1.92%;}}<\/style><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-body .fusion-flex-container.fusion-builder-row-2{ padding-top : 4%;margin-top : 0px;padding-right : 0px;padding-bottom : 2%;margin-bottom : 0px;padding-left : 0px;}<\/style><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":5205,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[166,191,192,172],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5204","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-afcafta-fr","category-integrazione-continentale-fr","category-overview-fr","category-perspectives-fr"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - 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